202 research outputs found
An Empirical Study of the I2P Anonymity Network and its Censorship Resistance
Tor and I2P are well-known anonymity networks used by many individuals to
protect their online privacy and anonymity. Tor's centralized directory
services facilitate the understanding of the Tor network, as well as the
measurement and visualization of its structure through the Tor Metrics project.
In contrast, I2P does not rely on centralized directory servers, and thus
obtaining a complete view of the network is challenging. In this work, we
conduct an empirical study of the I2P network, in which we measure properties
including population, churn rate, router type, and the geographic distribution
of I2P peers. We find that there are currently around 32K active I2P peers in
the network on a daily basis. Of these peers, 14K are located behind NAT or
firewalls.
Using the collected network data, we examine the blocking resistance of I2P
against a censor that wants to prevent access to I2P using address-based
blocking techniques. Despite the decentralized characteristics of I2P, we
discover that a censor can block more than 95% of peer IP addresses known by a
stable I2P client by operating only 10 routers in the network. This amounts to
severe network impairment: a blocking rate of more than 70% is enough to cause
significant latency in web browsing activities, while blocking more than 90% of
peer IP addresses can make the network unusable. Finally, we discuss the
security consequences of the network being blocked, and directions for
potential approaches to make I2P more resistant to blocking.Comment: 14 pages, To appear in the 2018 Internet Measurement Conference
(IMC'18
Minimum Wage Channels of Adjustment
Industrial Relations, forthcoming Abstract: The effects of minimum wage increases in 2007-2009 are analyzed using a sample of restaurants from Georgia/Alabama. Store-level payroll records provide precise measures of compliance costs. Examined are multiple adjustment channels. Exploiting variation in compliance costs across restaurants, we find employment and hours responses to be variable and in most cases statistically insignificant. Channels of adjustment to wage increases and to changes in non-labor costs include prices, profits, wage compression, turnover, and performance standards
Exporting and labor demand : micro-level evidence from Germany
It is widely believed that globalization affcts the extent of employment and
wage responses to economic shocks. To provide evidence for this, we analyze
the effect of firms' exporting behavior on the elasticity of labor demand. Using
rich, German administrative linked employer-employee panel data from 1996
to 2008, we explicitly control for self-selection into exporting and endogeneity
concerns. In line with our theoretical model, we find that exporting at both
the intensive and extensive margins significantly increases the (absolute value
of the) unconditional own-wage labor demand elasticity. This is not only true
for the average worker, but also for different skill groups. For the median
firm, the elasticity is three-quarters higher when comparing exporting to nonexporting
firms
Productivity and Internationalization A Micro/Data Approach
An appropriate analysis of the effects of globalization requires a careful analysis of the various ways in which different firms operate in international markets. Micro data at the level of individual firms and employees can enhance our empirical understanding of the relationships between internationalization, firms, jobs and employees. These micro data become increasingly available. This paper provides an introduction to this special issue that illustrates the wide variation, richness and policy relevance of the emerging micro data driven research on the effects of internationalization and productivity. © 2011 The Author(s)
Talents from Abroad. Foreign Managers and Productivity in the United Kingdom.
In this paper, we test the contribution of foreign management on firms’ competitiveness. We use a novel dataset on the careers of 165,084 managers employed by 13,106 companies in the United Kingdom in the period 2009-2017. We find that a domestic manufacturing firm becomes on average between 9% and 12% more productive after hiring at least one foreign manager. Interestingly, productivity gains by domestic firms after recruiting foreign managers are similar in magnitude to gains after foreign acquisitions as from previous literature. Eventually,
we do not find significant gains by foreign-owned firms hiring foreign managers.
Our identification strategy combines difference-in-difference and matching techniques to challenge reverse causality. We proxy firms’ competitiveness either by total factor productivity or by technical efficiency derived from stochastic frontier analyses. Eventually, we argue that limits to the circulation of talents, as for example in case of a Brexit event, may hamper the allocation of labor productive resources
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